I probably wasn't being very clear, I wasn’t being Bible specific but mainly religion in general. True that not all religions have a version of hell, but I can’t think of any that don’t have a version of heaven or atonement.. Whether it be carrot or stick, faith encourages many people to follow the particular requirements of their worship.
Obviously societies existed before the bible but very few have existed without some form of worship that governed them, I can not think of any. Even today they find tribes that have never had contact with the outside world…. They all (to my knowledge) have some form or religion or faith, usually centered around there surroundings, existence and resource.
I was also referring to pre-science focused civilisation.
I definitely agree in modern times more people would fear the immediate repercussions than the supposed spiritual.
It would be interesting to see how a society completely void of any form of religion or faith would fair.
It would fair as well as any other society. The murder rates were far higher during the dark ages, a time when pretty much everybody was superreligious.
People have always been aware of something far more powerful than themselves governing their lives. Some just called it nature, others said it was a sentient being known as a god.
There have been and are plenty of religions that have no punishment in the afterlife.
The most powerful deterrent against "doing wrong" has always been what society might do to you in this life. The most powerful incentive for doing wrong has always been your economical/social standing in the same society as well.
People didn't not kill because they feared hell*, they didn't kill because they feared the executioner's axe and the beatings that came with it.**
*Why fear hell, if all you need to do is say: "You know all that bad stuff I did, God? Yeah well, sorry about that." And hey presto, access to the pearly gates is granted.
**This is also why violent crime in the lower ranks of society was insanely high. The powers that be didn't care about the peasants, so the chances of being arrested were pretty damn low.